W. M. Keck Foundation Program for Scaling Engineering Education

 “A Matter of Scale”  Click Here for Videos and Presentations about Scaling Engineering

Scaling Engineering is one of our site differentiating specialties. It is becoming increasingly important to develop methods to train young people with the intuition for the way things work in the tiny world – when the surface-to-volume ratio increases to the point of rendering our familiar world implausible and non-functional at the micrometer scale and smaller. We develop curriculum support modules to convey a sense for how things work at this scale educationally, when it is so difficult and expensive to implement hands-on training.

Through funding by the W.M. Keck Foundation, we create micro learning vehicles that bridge the familiar with the new, the macro with the micro, and do this with captivating and inexpensive visual techniques for in-class demos with accompanying modular lesson plans that can be transferred to new & existing undergraduate curricula. We deploy the devices and lessons within a course dedicated to scaling engineering here at the University of Utah, followed by local distribution and national dissemination through existing peer networks.

Please feel free to use these in classes with acknowledgement of the Keck Foundation, Sandia National Labs, the University of Utah Nanofab (PI’s I.R. Harvey, B.Baker, B. Gale, B. Raeymaekers, and TTU Professor Tim Dallas) and the specific authors and institutions responsible for the presentations and lesson plans.

Microfluidics Scaling Engineering Lesson Plans and Presentations

Microfluidics is a disciplinary field with applications in the design of systems dealing with small volumes of fluids, typically in the range of micro to nanoliters. In microscale devices, physical properties that are naturally intuitive in the macro-world often scale down in unexpected ways. The design team was tasked with designing microfluidic-related devices that could be used in high school and college level labs to introduce and teach students about the nuances in micro-engineering. The microfluidic devices are often called lab-on-a-chip (LOC), so called for their ability to integrate laboratory-sized functions into chip-sized devices. They are made from a nontoxic biocompatible silicone polymer material called polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). These devices needed to be interactive, low cost, and clearly demonstrate the unique scaling effects of a particular microfluidic phenomenon and its applications.

Design Team. Left-right: Samuel Feinman, Bryan Tran, Christopher Stolinski, Erika Hancock

The microfluidics design team was comprised of four senior mechanical engineering students. Brought together by their mutual interest in micro and nanoscale engineering, the team was assembled to embark on a yearlong capstone project to research and develop microfluidic devices and teaching material. Each member designed and fabricated two microfluidic devices that exhibited unique phenomena. Erika provided devices that displayed laminar mixing and fluidic optics. Christopher researched devices that produced micro-sized droplets and developed a way to achieve laminar mixing with manually activated pumps. Bryan developed devices that demonstrated capillary action in microchannels and electrowetting on dielectrics. Samuel produced a method to affect laminar mixing by manually controlling the flow in microchannels using mechanical pin valves.

Scaling Principles	Description
Laminar Mixing	Micro Mixers: Microscale fluid flow is typically laminar rather than turbulent. Because of this, mixing must be induced through unique channel geometries such as serpentine channels and blockades within the channel. Applications that utilize micro mixing include the preparation of DNA for analysis and detection of chemical content.
Capillary Action	Capillary Action: The phenomenon of capillary action is nearly everywhere. It relies on the cohesive and adhesive properties of fluid and can be seen in the suction of sponges, the wicking of towels, and even naturally in trees and plants. The greatest height water can be drawn up a tube by a pressure difference is ~10.3 m. Tall trees get around this by using capillary channels that progressively become smaller as it gets taller to draw up water.
Electrowetting	Electrowetting: There are several applications that require the precise measurement and placement of fluids such as the dispensing of medicine or the manipulation of liquid samples. Electrowetting is one method by which the position and motion of a liquid droplet can be altered using only a strong electric field. This interactive device demonstrates the principles of electrostatics and its effect on the surface properties of water. By applying a voltage to a neighboring area, a water droplet can be manipulated to a different position.

PDMS Devices	Description
Fluid Optics	Tunable PDMS Lens: In microfluidic applications such as cytometry (measurement of characteristics of cells), lenses are used to focus and manipulate light to improve device sensitivity. The tunable PDMS lens can achieve various lens radii depending on the amount of liquid pumped into the chamber. These lenses can be placed over cell phone cameras to produce optical zoom up to 37X. This allows one to capture microscope quality images with their cell phones.
Microdroplet Formations	Microdroplet Formations: Microdroplets are found in, but not limited to, portable microfluidic devices that perform diagnostic testing, and chemical analyses. They are used to lower cost by reducing residence time, reagent consumption, and power usage. The microdroplet device uses two streams of oil to disperse the water causing it to form water droplets, and shows how changing flow rates can change droplet size and quantity while creating interest in how they are implemented in real-world applications.
Manually-activated Laminar Mixing	PDMS Pumps: Using microfluidic devices for biological testing is ubiquitous, but sometimes they are needed in places that don’t have power readily available. These PDMS pumps are used with a gradient mixer to show how a user can manually pump two fluids to be mixed without the use of electric pumps, and how they are utilized in situations where they are beneficial. They are fabricated by infusing sugar cubes with PDMS by capillary action. After curing, the sugar is dissolved and the remaining PDMS sponge is coated with more PDMS.
Manually-adjustable Laminar Mixing	Micro Pins Valves: Many microfluidic applications involve flowing fluids with an external power source. Remote areas of the world may not have access to power to run a device. The manually actuated micro pin valves are an electricity-free solution to controlling fluid flow with on/off PDMS pins. On the micro-level, channel size greatly affects the relative turbulence of the flowing fluid: a fluid flowing through a smaller channel will cause a more turbulent, dominating flow over the fluid going through a larger channel.

Images and Videos of Microfluidics Scaling Demonstration Devices

Detailed white paper report
Poster Presentation

MEMS Scaling Engineering Lesson Plans and Presentations

Please contact Dr. Ian Harvey if you are interested in buying your own Class On A Chip.

Scaling Principles	Description
Buckling Force	Trap-Jaw Ant: Based on the Trap-Jaw Ant’s ability to quickly shut its mandibles, the “jaws” on this device will open and close each time the beam buckles. This devices demonstrates that beams, which are normally thought of as stiff and rigid structures, can be bent to accomplish a desired effect on the micron scale. Powered by a thermal expansion chevron attached to a displacement multiplier, the beam will buckle once it reaches its critical the beam will buckle once it reaches its critical buckling load.
Electrostatics	Comb Drives: Unlike most of the devices on this chip, the Comb Drives work on the principle of electrostatics; actuated by an electric potential voltage across an open circuit rather than a running current. This device demonstrates that the force that enables capacitive actuation can only be useful on microscale due to the non-scaling nature of electrostatics. For a macro-sized Comb Drive to reach an equivalent distance would require high voltages.
Flexibility and Compliance	Microborescope: Silicon, which is normally thought of as a brittle material, will exhibit extraordinary flexibility on the micron scale. The flexibility and compliance of a silicon member depends on its stiffness which is an expensive property determined by its shape and boundary conditions. Scaling down at the same linear rate as length, the stiffness can cause silicon to display incredibly elastic qualities without fracturing.
Heating/Cooling Time	Vitruvian Man: This device, based on Da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man, demonstrates the incredibly fast heating and cooling time of objects at the microscale. As the actuators within the arms and legs of the Vitruvian Man thermally expands and contracts, he is able to do jumping jacks. Due to the mass scaling down at a much faster rate than its size, this device has almost zero mass and therefore loses its thermal energy within microseconds.
Mechanical Advantages	Mechanical Advantages: Scissor Hinges and Displacements Multipliers use mechanical advantage in the form of leverage. It generates force by heating a set of multiple thin beams called a chevron. The heat expands the beams which are attached to a central arm that pushes against the Displacement multiplier to amplify distance covered by the chevron. That motion is directed inward on the bottom two sections of the Scissor Hinges to extend them forward.
Nanophotonics	Nanophotonics: The nanophotonic devices on this chip demonstrate the effect of structural coloration. Unlike pigment coloration, structural coloration is produced by the interference of light by microscopically structured surfaces which causes an iridescent appearance. The structured surface has features in the single to sub-micron range, slightly larger than the wavelengths of visible light. This causes certain wavelengths to diffract and, depending on the angle of illumination, the reflected light will irradiate accordingly.
Torsion and Capacitance	Micromirrors: The micromirror is a good example of torsion and capacitance. A small mirror sits on a platform that is held to the other parts of the device by a thin band of material called a torsion hinge. The platform and the plate below are given opposite charges to attract, or the same charge to repel using high voltage. The torsion hinge acts as an axis and snaps the platform back into position.

Click HERE to watch videos about how things are made at the Micro/Nanoscale

Images and Videos of MEMS Scaling Demonstration Devices

Utah Nanofab’s In-House MEMS Architecture

Initiated as an alternative to the Sandia SUMMiT V^TM process, the University of Utah Nanofab has researched and developed a MEMS architecture that can be completed in our own facilities. The process consists of MEMS devices built from a single layer of silicon, thus they are not nearly as capable as the Sandia five-layer process in terms of versatility and complexity, but they have the advantage of being fabricated within a semester’s time and at a fraction of the cost. Additionally, the in-house process is able to produce devices which can still effectively convey and teach the same scaling principles as those listed above. Students will be able to learn about MEMS and fabrication techniques, then design their own MEMS devices, and have a chip back in time to test before completing a course.
Overview of fabrication process

Please contact Dr. Ian Harvey if you are interested in buying your own Class On A Chip.

Click Here to See more Videos about MEMS

GSLC Size and Scale interactive page.

MEMS University Alliance website where additional material will be posted.

* Note: this list is continually being updated as the project progresses. We also take suggestions for additional topics. Please provide feedback on how we can improve, and give us your modifications on how you made the content better.

Utah engineering students have a unique opportunity to work in both the design and the manufacturing spaces for MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems), sometimes beginning early on in their academic program. The Utah nanofab hosts about ten courses that use the available thin film deposition and patterning tools, along with the sophisticated analytical tools of the Surface Analysis and nano Imaging lab.

From the design side, our students find that pure MEMS design opens a world of creative engineering without having to deal with difficult and expensive manufacturing issues. In one of our courses, Heterogeneous Microsystems Technologies, highly complex chips are fabricated for our students at no charge due to our participation in the Sandia National Labs University Alliance design competition, using the most advanced, billion-dollar surface micromachining process in the world. View the Video

An example of this is Kinetic Micro Sculpture^TM, spontaneous movement of micro-meter scale art forms when imaged in a scanning electron microscope. This was envisioned by Mechanical Engineering faculty member Ian Harvey and prototyped and patented with a group of undergraduates; then brought to fruition by Harvey, Sandia Superuser Brian Baker, Prof. Paul Stout (Art), and undergraduate students Alex Hogan, Kurtis Ford, Kathryn Ecsedy, and Andrew Paulsen in a classroom setting. With the classroom success came extended funding through a grant from the University of Utah Center for Interdisciplinary Arts and Technology, and fabrication services were again provided through the generous support of Sandia National Laboratories, MEMS Technologies Department and the University Alliance competition.

Freshman student Kathryn Ecsedy (MechE) presented work from the 2009 Kinetic Micro Sculpture team in a Berlin conference on Knowledge, Technology and Society.

View the video Kathryn showed in Berlin.

Third-year participant Alex Hogan (Junior, ECE) and second-year participant Kurtis Ford (senior, MechE) were awarded summer internships at Sandia National Labs, acknowledging their passionate efforts during multiple years of intense competition.

On the 2010 team, winners of the Sandia competition education division, students Kurtis, Alex, Austin Welborn (M.S./B.S. student, MechE), Ted Kempe (Senior, MechE), Keng-Min Lin (M.S. student, MechE), Charles Fisher (MechE), Brian Baker, and advisor Ian Harvey submitted designs that will occupy space on two silicon chips, each approximately 2mm x 6mm. They presented their work at an invited seminar and awards program on May 18, 2010 at Sandia National Laboratory, in Albuquerque, NM. Their creative efforts have been highlighted in Popular Science.

Designs included Austin’s microscale rendering of DaVinci’s Vetruvian man, mechanical lion, and mechanical wings; Kurtis’ unique microscale effort to demonstrate compliance in MEMS elastic materials by flipping a tiny loop of polycrystalline silicon inside-out, like a rubber band (powered by Charles Fisher’s gear reduction system); Alex’, Kurtis’ and Ian’s biomimetic adaptive lens actuator; Ted Kempe’s microscale tribute to the Hoberman arch in compliant beams; Keng-Min Lin’s microscale levitation micro-railway; Austin & Ian’s microscale self-erecting monolith tribute to “2010 – A Space Odyssey”, and Brian Baker’s microscale hair salon that grips a single hair, cuts it, dries it, teases it, and tips a mirror so the salon customer can see the micro-fashionable result.

All these devices play into an overall strategy to demonstrate and teach specific physical principles and consequences of dimensional downscaling to the micrometer level. These are all intended for use as a set of combined outreach demonstrators on-chip, for tour groups and interactions with grade K-12 students to stimulate interest in the visual ‘coolness’ of both constructing and seeing machines at the micrometer scale and below to nanotechnology.

See more cool videos about Micro-Engineering:

Snowbird Resort Magazine Ad

The College of Engineering will be highlighting the work of Assistant Professor Mike Scarpulla in Materials Science & Engineering in a recruiting advertisement to be featured in a Snowbird resort magazine. You can view the advertisement here.